1. Kev ua hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm converter steelmaking
Hloov steelmaking yog steelmaking txoj kev uas huab cua los yog oxygen yog cua tshuab mus rau hauv molten hlau kom sai oxidize carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub molten hlau, thiab lub tshav kub tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm oxidation yog siv los ua kom sov yam tsis muaj ntxiv. cua sov. Converter tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom raws li txoj haujlwm tshuab: hauv qab cua tshuab converter, sab tshuab converter, thiab sab saum toj tshuab converter. Raws li cov acidity thiab alkalinity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv refractory rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua acidic converter thiab alkaline converter. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm converter steelmaking, huab cua yog siv rau tshuab, raws li cov nitrogen uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tsis yog ib tug combustion txhawb roj los yog koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yuav luag tag nrho nws dim ntawm lub cub tawg taphole thiab tseem yuav siv sij hawm ntau lub zog cua sov. Cov nitrogen ntxiv hauv cov hlau kuj tuaj yeem ua rau nws zoo. Txij li thaum siv cov pa cua tshuab, cov kev tsis txaus ntawm cov qib steel tsis tshua muaj thiab tsis zoo hauv kev hloov pauv smelting tau kov yeej. Tam sim no smelting zoo thiab ntau yam ntawm cov pa saum toj-blown converter tau ntes tau nrog qhib hearth, thiab qee cov khoom txawm tshaj qhib hearth. Thawj qhov zoo ntawm converter steel, xws li kev nqis peev tsawg, kev tsim kho sai, kev hloov pauv mus rau cov khoom siv raw, thiab kev tsim khoom siab, tau siv tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, converter steelmaking yog ib txoj kev zoo heev steelmaking. Los ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv ntau lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb, converter steelmaking muaj lub peev xwm zoo los hloov qhib hearth steelmaking. Raws li kev txheeb cais, xyoo 1960, cov hlau tsim los ntawm oxygen saum toj kawg nkaus converter steelmaking tsuas yog 4% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov hlau tsim, tab sis los ntawm 1969 nws tau nce mus rau 37%, thiab los ntawm 1972 nws tau nce mus rau 53%, deb tshaj. kev tsim ntawm qhib hearth steel. Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tsuas yog siv oxygen sab saum toj-blown (alkaline) converters thiab oxygen side-blown (alkaline) converters.
2. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov pa saum toj-blown converter
Sab nrauv ntawm cov pa oxygen saum toj kawg nkaus converter yog ua los ntawm steel phaj thiab lined nrog alkaline refractory cib. Lub ntsiab raw khoom rau steelmaking yog molten hlau, uas kuj siv ib feem ntawm cov seem hlau (los yog hlau ore) ua ib tug coolant, raws li zoo raws li slag ua cov ntaub ntawv xws li txiv qaub thiab fluorite (CaF2) ntxiv kom tshem tawm cov sulfur thiab phosphorus. Deoxidizers xws li manganese hlau, silicon hlau, los yog txhuas kuj siv rau deoxidation. Cov txheej txheem steelmaking tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem: thauj khoom, tshuab, thiab deoxidation. Ua ntej, qee qhov seem hlau thiab hlau ore raug thauj khoom, ua raws li cov hlau molten nrog qhov kub ntawm li 1200-1300 degree . Tom qab ntawd, cov pa oxygen tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub kom tshuab oxygen, sai sai oxidizing carbon, silicon, manganese, thiab lwm yam hauv cov hlau molten, thaum tso tawm ntau cov cua sov kom yaj cov seem hlau thiab hlau ore. Thaum lub sij hawm oxygen tshuab, slag ua cov ntaub ntawv kuj ntxiv kom tshem tawm phosphorus thiab sulfur. Tom qab tshuab pa rau qee lub sijhawm, cov pa roj carbon, silicon, manganese thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus txo qis rau qee yam, nres tshuab oxygen thiab tshem tawm cov pa oxygen. Yog hais tias qhov kub ntawm cov hlau molten yog siab dhau lub sijhawm no, ntxiv cov hlau seem kom txias. Thaum muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kub ntawm cov hlau molten ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, steel tuaj yeem tsim tau. Deoxidizer feem ntau yog ntxiv rau molten steel ladle thaum lub sij hawm steelmaking. Lub tshuab lub sij hawm ntawm 300 tuj converter yog tsawg dua 20 feeb, nrog rau lub sij hawm pab tsis pub tshaj 1 teev. Oxygen sab saum toj-blown converter steelmaking muaj cov zis siab thiab zoo zoo, thiab yog ib txoj kev zoo heev steelmaking. Lub peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm lub converter yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm molten hlau uas yuav tsum tau txhaj thaum lub sij hawm txhua txoj kev tshuab. Piv txwv li, yog tias 10 tons ntawm cov hlau molten tuaj yeem raug txhaj rau hauv txhua txoj kev tshuab, nws yog hu ua 10 tuj converter.